• Ontologies for natural language understanding [AW]

• Ontologies and narratives [AW]

• Theoretical knowledge as is and its relationship with formal ontology [AS, RamS]
  • What is a structure of theoretical knowledge for different domains?
  • Is this knowledge formalizable?
  • What kind of formal knowledge processing do we have and do we need?
  • Example: The definition of the term "service" for the new science "theory of service systems".
  • Project: Formalize all knowledge in one section of a theoretical book such as M. Swami, K. Thulasirman, Graphs, networks and algorithms. John Wiley & Sons, 1981

• Knowledge Graphs and Beyond: The Road Ahead
  • How to "help end users make better use of ontologies" [GBC]
  • COB the use of a high-level, core reference model (Chris Mungall)
  • Ontology Development Kit (ODK): A toolkit for initializing a new ontology repository. The template includes a structured directory, a Makefile with automated release workflows, continuous integration testing, and full documentation.
  • ROBOT: A command line tool to automate ontology workflows. It includes commands that can be used manually or integrated in automated processes to develop and release ontologies.
  • Onto-Animals: Tools to extract external ontology terms, compare ontologies, edit ontology terms, query and visualize ontologies, and more.
  • VOCOL: An integrated environment for collaborative vocabulary development
  • Karma Data Integration: A data integration tool
  • Ontofox: An ontology term and relation extraction and reuse tool
  • Ubergraph: A sparql endpoint with many OBO ontologies loaded and pre-reasoned with simple triples materialized
    • OBO Dashboard: An assesment of OBO Foundry ontologies conformance to OBO Foundry principles
    • OBO Community Health Report: A self-updating assessment of the quality of metadata, responsiveness of the maintainers, and the overall community engagement for each OBO Foundry ontology.
  • Why aren't domain experts using ontologies? [KB]
    • Only a small percentage of scientists used ontologies during the COVID-19 pandemic, in spite of pressure for published scientific data to support the FAIR principles.
    • Are tools inadequate or inappropriate?
    • Is the ontology community producing tools and ontologies based on what we think the users will need rather than one they actually need?
      • See B.H. Young, "The bionic-hand arms race: High-tech hands are complicated, costly, and often impractical" IEEE Spectrum October 2022 pages 24-30.
    • However, relying on end users (e.g., in focus groups) for guidance is not enough since their vision is often constrained by what they have experienced in the past and when end users attempt to "think outside the box" their proposals are often technically unrealistic.
  • Tools, methods and standards [GBC, RamS, MB]
    • Diverse set of tools is important [RR]

• Significance of principles for ontologies
  • FAIR
  • TRUST
  • Ten Commandments of AI
  • Asimov's laws of robotics